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Talking Caterpillars

Interactions between two different species (called "interspecies interactions" or, more commonly, "interspecific interactions") are classified by whether each species benefits (plus sign), is harmed (minus sign) or is unaffected (zero) by the interaction.

Image: grid of interactions between two species: mutualism (++) predation/parasitism (+-) competition (--) commensalism (+0) amensalism (-0) neutralism (00) mutualism predation and parasitism competition commensalism amensalism neutralism

Click on each of the interactions above to see examples, or use these text links:

mutualism
predation/parasitism

competition

commensalism

amensalism
neutralism

Next: conditional outcomes in interactions

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