Agnatha
- Jawless
Class
Myxini; Myxinidae ‑ hagfishes: marine
temperate, no FW; 1 family, 6 genera with 32 species - Only one species in
western North Atlantic Myxine glutinosa Biology ‑ Brodal and Fange, 1963 and
Hardisty 1979, systematics ‑ Fernholm
Class
Pteraspidomorphi, Order Pteraspidiformes – Fossil 3
Class
Cephalaspidomorphi
Order Petromyzontiformes;
Petromyzontidae ‑ lampreys: Freshwater and marine N and S temperate; 1
family 6 genera and 40 species. One marine species, Petromyzon marinus in WNA.
Biology‑ Hardisty and Potter, 4 volume set 1971‑1982. Parasitic with non‑parasitic sister
species in most freshwater forms.
Order Anaspidiformes (Anaspida)
– Fossil 2
Order Cephalaspidiformes
(Osteostracida) – Fossil 1
GNATHOSTOMATA
- Jaws derived from palatoquadrate and meckelian cartilage; collagen‑fin
rays; dermal ossifications; trunk muscles divided by horizontal septum;
mylenated nerve fibers, gill skeleton arrangement and gills lateral to
skeleton; total of 37 characters listed in Maisey.
Dichotomy
of Living Chondrichthys (Elasmobranchii – Sharks, skates and rays; and
Holocephali – Chimeras) and Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)
Two
Major Extinct Groups – Acanthodii and Placodermi
CHONDRICHTHYS
Defining
characteristics:
1) Perichondral prismatic
calcified tissues (Made of hydroxyapatite)
2) Claspers in pelvic fin of
adult males;
3) Formation of horny egg case
by Nidamental (Nidamentary) gland;
4) Maisey lists 10 additional
characters.
Diagnostics:
heterocercal tail
Two
distinct subgroups Elasmobranchii (sometimes called Selachii) and Holocephali.
HOLOCEPHALI
(Chimeras, rattails)
Defining
characters: Teeth in the form of toothplates that are slowly replaced; Upper
jay element (palatoquadrate) fused to neurocranium; First dorsal spine
erectile; Clasping organ on head of males
Diagnostics:
Pectoral fins large; Tail heterocercal or diphycercal; 4 gill slits; Large head
with conspicuous cephalic lateral line canal system; Membership: 3 families,
approx 30 species, mostly deepwater marine, few species in coastal waters.
ELASMOBRANCHII
(or Selachii)
Defining
characters of recent forms: Basipterygium fused across midlane; Nongrowing
dermal denticles; Hypaxial caudal skeleton reduced
Diagnostics:
fins non-erectile; gill slits 5‑7.; Rapid replacement of jaw teeth.
Membership:
Sharks and Skates and Rays
SHARKS
(Euselachii, Pleurotremata) - Questionably monophyletic without Batoids.
Diagnostics:
gill slits lateral, not covered dorsally by expanded pectoral fin - fin not
joined to head
Major
groups: Squalimorpha (Squaliformes) Deepwater sharks, with spiracle and without
anal fin. Spiny dogfish, cookie cutter sharks, Galeomorpha (shallowwater sharks
'typical') Smooth dogfish, tiger, lamnids, carcharinids, whale, basking, etc.
Squatinomorpha? (angel sharks) sometimes placed with the squalimorphs,
Heterodontus (horn sharks) a galeomorph?
Membership: 350 spp. worldwide, marine.
BATOIDS
(Rajiformes, Hypotremata) - Skates and Rays
Defining characters: ventrally
placed gill openings, Pectoral fins fused anteriorly to head, no anal fin,
palatoquadrate free from neurocranium, synarcual ‑ anterior vertebrae
fused together, ventral mouth, except in a few derived taxa. Included taxa: 425 spp., several families:
sawfishes, torpedos, guitarfishes, skates and rays. Most marine, sawfishes may
be brackish, potmotrygonid stingrays and some dasyatids freshwater.
References:
Bigelow,
H.B., and W.S. Schroeder, 1948. Sharks. In Fishes of the Western North
Atlantic. Part 1. Memoir 1, Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale Univ.,
New Haven.
Bigelow,
H.B., and W.S. Schroeder, 1953. Sawfishes, Guitarfishes, Skates, and Rays. In Fishes of the Western North Atlantic.
Part 2. Memoir 1, Sears Foundation for
Marine Research, Yale Univ., New Haven,
pp. 1‑514.
Bigelow,
H.B., and W.S. Schroeder, 1953. Chimeroids. In Fishes of the Western North
Atlantic. Part 2. Memoir 1, Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale Univ.,
New Haven, pp 515‑563.
Brodal,
A, and R. Fange, eds., 1963. The
biology of Myxine. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo. 588 pp.
Compagno,
L.J.V. 1973. Interrelationships of living elasmobranchs. In P.H. Greenwood, R.S. Miles, and C.
Patterson, eds. Interrelationships of fishes, suppl. 1, Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 53:
15‑61.
Compagno,
L.J.V., 1977. Phyletic relationships of
living sharks and rays. Amer. Zool. 17(2) [Recent advances in the biology of
Sharks]: 303‑323.
Compagno,
L.J.V., 1984. FAO Species Catalog, vol.
4. Sharks of the World. Part 1. Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish. Synop., (125) Vol.4, Pt. 2:251‑655.
Compagno,
L.J.V., 1984. FAO Species Catalog, vol. 4. Sharks of the world. Part 2.
Carchariniformes. FAO Fish. Synop.,
(125) Vol.4, Pt. 2:251‑655.
Fernholm,
B., and C. L. Hubbs, 1981. Western
Atlantic hagfishes of the genus Eptapterus (Myxinidae) with descriptions of two
new species. Fishery Bull. 79:69‑83.
Garman,
S. 1913. Plagiostoma (Sharks, Skates, & rays). Mem. Mus. Compar. Zool. 36:1‑528,
77 pls.
Gilbert,
P., R. Mathewson, and D. Rall, eds. 1967. Sharks Skates and Rays. Johns Hopkins
Press, Baltimore. xv+624 pp.
Hardisty,
M. W., and I. C. Potter, eds., 1971‑1982. The Biology of Lampeys. 4 vol. Academic Press, London.
Hardisty,
M.W., 1979. Biology of
Cyclostomes. Chapman and Hall,
London. 428 pp.
Maisey,
J.G., 1984. Chondrichthyan phylogeny: a look at the evidence. J. Vert. Paleon. 4(3): 359‑371.
Maisey,
J.G., 1984. Higher elasmobranch phylogeny and biostratigraphy. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 82:33‑54.
Maisey,
J. G., 1986. Heads and tails, a
chordate phylogeny. Cladistics 2(3):201‑256.
Schaeffer,B.,
and M.Williams, 1977. Relationships of fossil and living elasmobranchs. Amer. Zool. 17(2) [Recent advances in the
biology of Sharks]: 293‑302.
OSTEICHTHYES
Defining
Characters: branchiostegal rays present; interhyal; sclerotic ring; basihyal
and hypohyal ossifications; lepidotrichia; pleural ribs; pectoral girdle
element dermal ossification pattern (Lauder and Liem, 1983); Endochondral bone;
swimbladder[lung] derived from gut tissue;
gular plate; "Jaw" teeth on
dermal bones, not associated with chondral jaw elements (Maisey, 1986).
Erectile unpaired finrays common gill opening; fin rays more numerous than
supports.
Major
groups of recent osteichthyans: Actinopterygians and Sarcopterygians
Important
fossil groups: Acanthodians (sister group to Osteichthyans) and
Placoderms.
SARCOPTERYGII
- (Lobe finned vertebrates fishes)
Defining
characteristics: Enamel; pulmonary vein; Gill arch structures: loss of
hypobranchials and pharyngobranchials, single basibranchial, and CB 4
articulates meidally with the base of CB 3 and not basibranchial series (in Squalus). Paired fins with unique
supporting skeleton and muscular basal‑lobes.
Subgroups:
Actinistia and Choanata (Dipnoa and Tetrapoda).
ACTINISTIA
(Coelacanths)
Defining characters: Branchiostegals lost; freely moveable
intercranial joint; loss of maxilla; swimbladder ossified; rostral organ
present; 1st dorsal fin rays articulate with single basal plate.
Diagnostic
characters: anterior and posterior nostrils, 2 dorsal fins; diphycercal tail.
Membership:
1 living species Latimeria chaulmnae, from Comoros Islands. Discovered 1938. Fossil membership:about 30 species ranging from middle Devonian
to Upper Cretaceous.
CHOANATA
Defining
characters: form of locomotion (but may apply to coelacanths); naso‑lacrimal
duct; similarities in circulatory system, especially associated with heart and
pulmonary circulation; glottis and epiglottis, jelly‑coated egg.
Widely
used term Rhipidistians may be paraphyletic groups with part being more closely
related to tetrapods and part to dipnoans.
Often considered the ancestoral form of tetrapods.
DIPNOI
Defining
characteristics: Palatoquadrate fused to cranium, no marginal toothbearing jaw
bones, and "Teeth" in form of paired, ridged plates.
Diagnostics:
all recent lungfishes have continuous dorsal‑caudal‑ anal fin (but
fossil forms have primitive fin structures, including 2 dorsal fins), embedded
scales, and reduced dermal ossifications.
Membership:
Three recent genera: Neoceratodus, Lepidosiren, and Protopterus (4 species).
Fossils:
Extensive record: at least from the Devonian.
ACTINOPTERYGII
(ray‑finned fishes)
Defining
characters: Lepidotrichia forming segmented finrays; single rayed dorsal fin;
rhomboid scales with anterior(and /or dorsal) peglike process, covered with
ganoin; mandibular sensory canal encased in dentary bone; acrodin coating of
teeth.
Groups:
Cladistia, Chondrostei, and Neopterygii (=Ginglymodi, Halecostoma and
Teleostei).
Notes:
early groups still have heterocercal tail.
CLADISTIA
(Bichirs)
Defining
characters: Dorsal fin‑spines with branches; Spiracular ossicles; shape
of urohyal and parasphenoid.
Membership:
2 genera (Polypterus and Erpetoichthys), 10 species all tropical freshwaters of
Africa. Young Polypterus have external gills,
adults have highly vascularized lung.
Chondrostei
+ Neopterygii - Swim bladder connects to gut dorsally, three ossifications of
hyoid bar and interhyal.
CHONDROSTEI
(sturgeon and paddlefish)
Defining characters:fusion of
Maxillae, premaxillae and dermopalatine; absence of myodome;
Diangostics: heterocercal tail,
one branchiostegal ray, spiral valve intestine, body w/ rows bony plates.
Sturgeon:
(Acipenseridae) 23 species from northern hemisphere fresh and marine
waters.
Paddlefish
(Polyodontidae). 2 species: Mississippi R. and Yangtze R.
Defining characters: paddlelike
sonut, densely packed gillrakers, etc.
Source of American caviar. Recently introduced into Russia for same.
Neopterygii --- Gars + Halecostomi (=Amia, Teleosts and
fossil semionotids)
Fin rays and supports in ratio
of 1:1; others.
Ginglymodi
(Gars)
Defining Characters: numerous,
most evident from elongate body form,
Members: two genera:
Atractosteus, Lepisosteus, seven recent species.
Distribution: Mississippi
Drainage, Mexico, Central America and Caribbean, Fossils from broader range of
N.America, northern South America, Africa, India and Central Europe. (Australia
?)
Note:
Gars plus Amia traditionally called HOLOSTEI.
Halecomorphi
(Bowfins)
Defining characters: Symplectic
contributes to articular surface of quadrate.
Diagnostics: abbreviate
heterocercal tail, many branchiostegals.
Amiidae, Extant = Amia calva.
Non‑teleostean
Osteichthys: References
Beamis,
W., W .E. Burggren, and N. E. Kemp, eds. 1987. The biology and evolution of lungfishes. Alan. R. Liss, Inc, New
York, 383 pp. [also J. Morph,
Centennial Suppl. 1]
Bjerring,
H. C., 1973. Relationships of
coelacanthiforms. In P. H. Greenwood, R. S. Miles, and C. Patterson, eds.
Interrelationships of fishes, suppl. 1, Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 53:179‑205,
pls. 1‑2.
Lauder,
G. V., and K. F. Liem. 1983. The evolution and interrelationships of the
actinopterigian fishes. Bull. Mus.
Compar. Zool. 150(3):95‑197.
Lund,
R., and W. L. Lund, 1985. Coelacanths
from the Bear Gulch limestone (Namurian) of Montana, and the evolution of the
Coelacanthiformes. Bull.Carnegie Mus.Nat.Hist. no25, 74 pp.
McCune,
A.R.,1987. Toward the phylogeny of a fossil species flock: semionotid fishes
from a lake deposit in the Early Jurassic Towaca Formation, Newark Basin. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 43:1‑108.
Patterson,
C. 1973. Interrelationships of
holosteans. In P.H. Greenwood, R.S. Miles, and C. Patterson, eds.
Interrelationships of fishes, suppl. 1, Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 53:233‑305.
Rosen,
D.E., P.L. Forey, B.G. Gardiner, and C.Patterson. 1981. Lungfishes, tetrapods, Paleontology, and
plesiomorphy. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
167(4): 159‑276.
Schaeffer,
B. 1973. Interrelationships of chondrosteans. In P.H. Greenwood, R.S. Miles,
and C. Patterson, eds. Interrelationships of fishes, suppl. 1, Zool. J. Linn.
Soc. 53:207‑232.
Suttkus,
R. D. 1963. Order Lepisostei. In Fishes
of the Western North Atlantic. Part 3.
Memoir 1, Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale Univ., New Haven.
pp. 61‑88.
Vladykov,V.D.
and J.R. Greeley, 1963. Order Acipenseroidei. In Fishes of the Western North
Atlantic. Part 3. Memoir 1, Sears Foundation for Marine Resarch, Yale Univ.,
New Haven. pp. 25‑60.
Wiley, E.O. 1976. Phylogeny and biogeography of fossil and recent gars. (Actinopterygii: Lepisosteidae). Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist., Misc. Publ. 64:1‑111.
TELEOSTEI
DEFINING
CHARACTERS: externally symmetrical "homocercal" tail, with skeletal
modifications: uroneurals, expanded haemal arches as hypurals, weakly developed
ural centra. Modification of ventral
throat musculature (allowing for branchiostegal pumping action). Loss of anterior portion of
adductor
mandibulae.
Living
teleosts also defined by presence of chondral basihyal, single basihyal
toothplate and basibranchials in unpaired row (Paired in early teleosts); 3
hypobranchials (primitive ?).
Notes:
20,000 living species (Cohen, 1960);
first known from middle Triassic.
Four
major subgroups: Osteoglossomorpha, Elopomorpha, Clupeomorpha and Euteleostei.
OSTEOGLOSSOMORPHA (bony tongues)
Defining
characters: Gut coiling pattern: anterior part of gut passes to the left of
esophagus and stomach (right in both nonteleosts and other teleosts);
premaxilla firmly fixed to skull; bite
between basihyal teeth and endopterygoid.
Diagnostics:
generally large patch of parasphenoid teeth
Membership:
all freshwater. Arawanas (Tropical species, 2 in Africa, 1 in Asia, 3 S.
America and 2 ? Australia). Airbreathing known in at least Arapaima, Heterotis
unusual; primarily a planktivore, in having no parasphenoid teeth and reduced
hyoid
Mormyrids
(elephant noses, baby whales, ) 300 spp. all electrogenic, weakly; enlarged
cerebellum.
Notopterids
‑ knife fishes of Asia and Africa: few species; Undulating locomotion, air
breathers, large bony tongue. Hiodontids only N. American representatives; 2
species.
Teleosts
exclusive of Osteoglossomorpha: 2 uroneurals extend anteriorly over 2 nd
preural centra.
ELOPOMORPHA
(Tarpons, bonefishes, and "eels") 650 species, mostly anguilliform
eels.
Defining
Characters: leptocephalus larvae; fusion of angular & retroarticular;
rostral & prenasal ossicles.
Membership:
diverse array of forms: typical teleost body shape of Elops and Megalops, to
deep sea eels. Nearly all are marine, with
a few brackish water representatives.
Only the Anguillid eels are truely freshwater, and even they require
marine waters for reproduction.
Remaining
teleosts: retroarticular excluded from joint with quadrate; gill arch
toothplates fused to chondral bones; articular fused to angular; neural arch of
PU1 absent.
CLUPEOMORPHA
(Herrings and their relatives)
Defining
characters: unpaired abdominal scutes; otophysic connection: swimbladder to
posterior neurocranium w/ expansions of pterotic and prootic as bullae.
Supratemporal canal passes through parietal.
Among
living clupeomorphs: recessus lateralis, pareitals separated by supraoccipital;
no foramen in anterior ceratohyal.
Membership: about 300 species; five families, Denticeps
clupeoides[1], anchovies[139], wolfherrings[1‑2], Pristogaster[?],
herrings[190].
EUTELEOSTEI
Defining
characters: adipose dorsal fin, nuptual tubercles.
Esocoids:
posteriorly placed dorsal fin (adipose fin absent), Toothplates on BB4
(primitive), maxilla toothless. Pikes[6] and mudminnows[5], all northern
hemisphere FWF
Argentoids
and osmeroids (smelts): Including galaxiids: sometimes placed into the
Salmoniformes, though there is no evidence of a monophyletic group. mostly
marine, many deepwater(Mesopelagic) no bioluminescence,
Salmonidae
(salmon, trout, whitefish, and grayling) 10 genera, 70 spp. Monophyly still
questioned, position within euteleosts uncertain.
OSTARIOPHYSI
More
than 3000 species, virtually all are FWF, and therefore 1/2 of all known FWF.
Defining
characters: parietal reduced; dermopalatine absent; anterior hemal spines fused
to centra, anterior 2 ribs attached to swimbladder; swimbladder divided into
anterior and posterior portion, connection to gut at junction.
Includes:
Gonorynchiforms and "Otophysi".
Gonorynchiforms include 5 genera
African FWF, two genera/ families of coastal marine species.
OTOPHYSI
Defining
characters: Weberian apparatus consisting of modifications of anterior neural
arch elements, parapophyses and pleural rib elements into a chain of ossicles
linking the swimbladder to the ear.
Hypural 2 fused to ural complex (PU1, U1, U2, +UN).
Otophysi
include 4 orders of FWF, Cypriniformes, Characiformes, Gymnotiformes and
Siluriformes. One or more form the
dominant fish of each continent, except Australia.
Cypriniformes
6 families, 200 + genera, 2500 +
species. (Northern Hemisphere and Africa) No jaw teeth, pharyngeal teeth
ankylosed onto CB5, no adipose fin.
Characiformes:
10 families, 250 + genera, 1300 + species, (90 % in new World, remainder in
Africa) Teeth replaced from crypts in
dermal bones, hypural 1 separated from ural centrum.
Gymnotiformes:
6 families, 25 genera, 50+ species, S. and C. America) elongate eellike forms
with electrogenic ability, all but electric eel swims with stiffened body &
undulating anal fin.
Siluriformes:
31+ families, 400 + genera, 2300 + species, all continents (including
Antarctica, fossils) typically FWF, but 3‑4 families have species that
tolerate or thrive in marine waters.
TELEOSTEI:
references
Balon,
E.K. (ed.) 1980. Charrs: salmonid fishes of the genus Salvelinus. W. Junk, The
Hague. 928 pp.
Fink,
S. V., and W. L. Fink. 1981. Interrelationships of the ostariophysan
fishes (Teleostei). Zool. J. Linn. Soc.
72(4):297‑353.
Fink,
W. L., and S. H. Weitzman. 1982.
Relationships of the stomiiform fishes (Teleostei), with a description
of Diplophos. Bull. Mus. Compar. Zool.
150(2):31‑93.
Forey,
P.L., 1973. Relationships of
elopomorphs. In P.H. Greenwood, R.S.
Miles, and C. Patterson, eds. Interrelationships of fishes, suppl. 1, Zool. J.
Linn. Soc. 53:351‑368.
Gery,
J., 1977. Characoids of the world. T.
F. H. Publications. Neptune, N. J. 672 pp.
Grande,
L. 1985. Recent and fossil clupeomorph
fishes with materials for revision of the subgroups of clupeoids. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 181(2):231‑372.
Greenwood,
P.H. 1973. Interrelationships of
osteoglossomorphs. In P.H. Greenwood,
R.S. Miles, and C. Patterson, eds.
Interrelationships of fishes, suppl. 1, Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 53:307‑332.
Greenwood,
P.H., D.E. Rosen, S.H. Weitzman, and G.S. Myers. 1966. Phyletic studies of teleostean fishes, with
a provisional classification of living forms.
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 131(4):339‑456.
Johnson,
L., and B. Burns, (eds.). 1984. Biology
of Arctic Charr. Univ. Manitoba Press,
584 pp.
Lauder,
G. V., and K. F. Liem. 1983. The evolution and interrelationships of the
actinopterigian fishes. Bull. Mus.
Compar. Zool. 150(3):95‑197.
Lindsey,
C .C., and C. S. Woods (eds.) 1970.
Biology of coregonid fishes.
Univ. Manitoba Press, Winnipeg.
560 pp.
Moser,
H. G. (editor in chief) 1984. Ontogeny
and systematics of fishes. Amer. Soc. Ichthyol. Herpetol. Sp. Publ. 1:760pp.
Nelson,
G. J. 1973. Relationships of clupeomorphs, with remarks on the structure of the
lower jaw in fishes. In P.H. Greenwood,
R.S. Miles, and C. Patterson, eds. Interrelationships of fishes, suppl. 1,
Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 53:333‑349.
Roberts,
T. R., 1973. Interrelationships in
ostriophysans. In P.H. Greenwood, R.S.
Miles, and C. Patterson, eds.
Interrelationships of fishes, suppl. 1, Zool. J. Linn. Soc.53:372‑
.
Rosen,
D. E. 1973. Interrelationships of
higher euteleostean fishes. In P.H.
Greenwood, R.S. Miles, and C. Patterson, eds. Interrelationships of fishes,
suppl. 1, Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 53:397‑513.
Schaeffer,
B. and D. E. Rosen. 1961. Major adaptive levels in the evolution of
the actinopterygian feeding mechanism. Amer. Zool. 1:187‑204.
Whitehead,
P. J. P., 1985. FAO species catalogue.
Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world.
Part 1. Chirocentridae, Clupeidae, and Pristagasteridae. FAO Fish. Synop., (125) 7(1):1‑303.
Whitehead,
P. J. P., G. J. Nelson, and T. Wongratana. 1988. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world. Part
2, Engraulididae. FAO Fish. Synop., (125) 7(2):305‑579.
NEOTELEOSTEI
Defining
characters: retractor arcus branchialium or retractor dorsalis muscle, which
attaches to pharyngobranchials and anterior vertebrae. Appears derived from
esophageal muscles. Rostral cartilage
between premaxillae and neurocranium - allows free movement premaxilla (i.e.
protrusion).
Membership:
Stomiiformes, Aulopiformes, Myctophiformes, Paracanthopterygii, Atherinomorpha,
and Percomorpha.
STOMIIFORMES
Defining
characters: Peculiar type of photophores, branchiostegals fgound on ventral
hypohyal, peculiar type of tooth attachment.
Membership:
9 families with approx. 250 spp.
Primarily deep‑sea, tropical to temperate species. All have some luminescent organs. Including:
Hatchet fishes, viperfishes, dragonfishes, etc. Mostly black and or silver.
AULOPIFORMES
Defining
characters: Arrangement of pharyngobranchial elements: PB2 and PB3 diverge
posteriorly; and expanded uncinate process of EB 2 contacts PB3 and provides
structural bridge.
Membership:
Diverse array of shallow‑water & deep‑sea marine fishes, both
benthic and mesopelagic. Less than 200
spp. in 12 families. Including: Deepsea
tripod fishes, Bombay duck, shallowwater forms include family Synodontidae,
Lizard fishes: in W. North Atlantic 3
or 4 of the 25 species are found.
Sometimes (E.G. Johnson, 1984) placed with Myctophiformes into Iniomi.
MYCTOPHIFORMES
Defining
characters: PB3 enlarged, largest toothplate element. Members: Myctophidae
& Neoscopelidae (6 spp): both deepsea and pelagic or benthopelagic.240+
species.
Notes
(Often placed together with the following groups as the Ctenosquamata, for
widespread occurence of well developed Ctenoid scales). But also placed together with Aulopiformes
as one of several suborders of Iniomi.
Myctophids
with rows of photophores along belly; pattern useful for species recognition
and grouping. Undergo dramatic vertical
migrations daily (Nelson's example: Day: 300‑1200m; Night 10‑100m.)
PARACANTHOPTERYGII
Defining
characters: PU2 with full neural spine (primitively PU2 w/ only a basal arch or
no arch. Other characters are suggested
but not universally found or only in "advanced" forms (e.g. anterior vertebrae crowded, increased
# abdominal vertebrae). Usually with jugular pelvic fins, and spiny dorsal
elements.
Membership:
Percopsiformes‑ troutperches
Including Aphredoderus, and N.A. blind cave fishes (6 spp). only FWF
Paracanthops: single rayed D fin with weak anterior spines
Gadiformes
‑ Cods 7 families, 400 + species,
including Cod, hakes, and FWF Burbot (Lota). Aslo Rattail macrourids (250 +
species) benthopelagic. Often single
mental barbel, always cycloid scales, D fin w/o true spiny rays, but with 2 or
3 D fins. W/o adipose D fin.
Often
Ophidiiformes (cusk eels, pearlfishes, Brotulids, etc. included here,
othertimes included within Perciformes, othertimes as a separate order (as a
distinctive, well defined lineage).
Batrachoidiformes
‑ toadfishes (3 families, 80‑90 spp) Depressed benthic fishes with
small anterior D fin; scaleless or nearly so; Temperate and tropical marine and
Neotropical freshwater. Sounds produced
by swimbladder movements and derived musculature.
Lophiiformes
‑ Anglerfishes 16 families, 250+ spp. Strictly marine, many deep,
bathypelagic. First D fin w/ 3 rays on head, and first spine modified into
Ilicium or "lure" for prey attraction. Sometimes lure capable of
producing light. Gill opening restricted, tubular, near Pectoral fin base (but
not anterior to); Pect fin often used to prop up body and "Walk" at
least in benthic forms.
Inc.
Tropical frogfishes (Pietsch 1986); Batfishes (tropical/sub seas) and deep sea
Ceratioid families.
Gobiesociformes
‑ clingfishes (2 families, 115 + spp) Body strongly depressed; pelvic
fins modified into clinging disc, which helps fish adhere to hard substratum;
Distinctly assymetrical heart.
Includes
shallowwater benthic marine species in tropical and temperate zones,
occassionally in FW.
Paracanthopterygii
joined together with Atherinomorpha and Perciformes into Acanthomorpha. Characters: Ctenoid scales, ascending
process of premaxilla allowing for protrusion. Also movement of pectoral fin
onto lateral flank of body.
ACANTHOPTERYGII
True
spiny rays in D and A fin, great mobility of upper jaw, but protrusability
varies within group and may have evolved independently several times.
Term
has varied useage: either Atherinomorpha plus Percomorpha or just for
Percomorpha. In broader context, defined by presence of interarcual cartilage:
extending between the uncinate process of EB1 and the PB2; Elongate symphyseal
process of premaxilla allows for upperjaw protrusion.
ATHERINOMORPHA
- Silversides, killifish, flying
fishes, etc. 1080 species, 18 families.
Defining
characters: Unique pattern of upper jaw suspension that allows for independent
left and right movement of premaxillae differs from percimorph condition in
lacking ball and socket joint between palatine and maxilla; Eggs with long
adhesive filaments and numerous oil droplets (except in viviparous forms).
Characterized by poorly developed 1st dorsal fin with feeble spines or none (in
Cyprinodontiformes and Beloniformes)
Memberships:
Several shallow water marine and/or freshwater groups lumped into
"atherinoids", including Atherinidae (silversides: Menidia, grunion,
Labidestes NA FWF); Australian/New Guinea rainbow fishes (Melanotaeniidae); and
several other small families. Generally
very highly set pectoral fins and small 1st dorsal.
Cyprinodontiformes: 9 families, 600‑700 spp.; killifishes
fresh/brackish fishes of tropical and temperate waters throughout the
world. Characterized by true symmetry
of caudal skeleton
Numerous
spp in NA FW; Also worldwide. Viviparous: guppies & mosquito fishes, and
Goodeids.
Annual
species - complete life cycle in several months in coastal drainages w/
extended dry seasons.
Beloniformes: needlefishes, halfbeaks, and flying fishes.
sometimes called Exocoetoids 160 + spp.
reduced epibranchials 2 and 3, EB 1 dominant, PB1 lost.
Baird,
R. C. 1971. The systematics,
distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family
Sternoptychidae). Bull. Mus. Compar.
Zool. 142(1):1‑128.
Bertelson,
E. 1951. The ceratioid fishes:
ontogeny, taxonomy, distribution and biology.
Dana Report (Carlsberg Foundation, Copenhagen) 39:1‑281, 1 pl.
Bradbury,
M. G. 1967. The genera of batfishes
(Family Ogcocephalidae). Copeia 1967(2):399‑422.
Briggs,
J.C. 1955. A monograph of the clingfishes (Order Xenopterygii). Stanford
Ichthy. Bull. 6:1‑224.
Fink,
W. L., and S. H. Weitzman. 1982.
Relationships of the stomiiform fishes (Teleostei), with a description
of Diplophos. Bull. Mus. Compar. Zool.
150(2):31‑93.
Johnson,
R.K. 1982. Fishes of the families
Evermanelliidae and Scopelarchidae: systematics, morphology,
interrelationships, and zoogeography.
Fieldiana, Zool. N.S. (12):1‑252.
Parenti,
L. 1981. A phylogenetic and
biogeographic analysis of cyprinodontiform fishes (Teleostei:
Atherinomorpha). Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist. 168(4):335‑557.
Paxton,
J. R. 1972. Osteology and relationships
of the lantern fishes (Family Myctophidae) Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles
County, Sci. No. 31: 81 pp.
Pietsch
T. W. and D. B. Grobecker. 1987. Frogfishes of the world; systematics,
zoogeography, and behavioral ecology. Stanford Univ. Press. 420 pp., 56 pls.
Rosen,
D.E. 1964. The relationships and taxonomic position of the halfbeaks,
killifishes, silversides, and their relatives.
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 127(5): 217‑268.
Rosen,
D.E. 1973. Interrelationships of higher
euteleostean fishes. In P.H. Greenwood,
R.S. Miles, and C. Patterson, eds. Interrelationships of fishes, suppl. 1,
Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 53:397‑513.
Rosen,
D.E. 1985. An essay on euteleostean
classification. Am. Mus. Novitates, 2827: 57pp.
Rosen
D.E., and C.Patterson. 1969. The structure and relationships of the
paracanthopterygian fishes. Bull Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist. 141(3):357‑474.
Weitzman,
S.H. 1974. Osteology and evolutionary relationships of the Sternoptychidae,
with a classification of stomiatoid families.
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 153:327‑478.
PERCOMORPHA
Poorly
defined group that may not be monophyletic. "primitive" percomorphs
tend to have seperate dorsal fins and pelvic girdle attached to cleithrum of
pectoral girdle. All except earliest
groups have Pelvic I,5; Several
subgroups: some well defined others probably wastebaskets waiting for further
resolution.
BERYCIFORMES: Squirrelfishes and their relatives:
"primitive" percomorphs having Acanthop characters but lacking
several derived percomorph derived characters (e.g. loss of orbitosphenoid, 18
caudal rays, rather than the more derived 15; 3, rather than the more derived
2, epurals) but may be
natural
based on peculiar form of caudal procurrent ray form.
Marine
fish widely distributed in tropical and temperate coastal waters. Include Squirrel fishes, flashlight fishes,
pinecone fishes, etc. Nocturnal or
lowlight fishes, not found in daylight in shallow waters. Heavily armored heads, thick bones,
etc. All heavily scaled with stout
spines on fins
GASTEROSTEIFORMES:
Sticklebacks, pipefishes and seahorses. Name from bony stomach; indicating
typical bony plating around body. Mouth
usually small and tubular.
Gasterosteidae
(sticklebacks, 7 spp., many morphs), Syngnathidae (pipefishes and seahorses,
230 spp), Centriscidae (Shrimpfishes and snipefishes), Aulostomidae and
Pegasidae (seamoths, 5 spp).
SCORPAENIFORMES:
mail‑cheeked fishes scorpionfishes and their relatives. Mail cheeked
comes from character that unites the fishes ‑ the suborbital stay ‑
a posterior extension of the 3rd suborbital
that
connects the preopercle; also hypurals
plate‑like and fused to centrum.
Usually dermal bones of head with spiny processes, caudal fin rarely
forked.
Mostly
benthic shallow water marine fishes but with groups that seem to have
secondarily invaded freshwater (cottids, cottocomephorids, etc. Over 1000 species in 20 families.
Scorpaenoids: Include many venomous fishes; often slow
moving, lie and wait predators, diversity of forms makes characterization
difficult. Internal fertilization
common, internal development in some species, most deposit eggs in clusters
with toxic coating. Included here: stone fishes, rockfishes, lionfishs,
seabass, searobins,
Cottoids:
loss of basisphenoid‑ 300 spp.‑
sculpins, poachers (agonids) and lumpfishes.
Hexagrammoids
‑ greenlings dominant - N.Pacific fauna.
TETRAODONTIFORMES:
(Often called Plectognathi‑ twisted mouth) Pufferfishes, boxfishes,
triggerfishes and relatives. 300
species, 8 families. restricted gill
opening; branchiostegals covered with thick skin; loss of infraorbitals,
nasals, and parietals, and anal‑fin spines. All have peculiar scales as spiny plates; one family with bony
armor encasing entire body, except tail.
Balistidae
‑ triggerfishes and filefishes: pelvic fin modified: entire girdle
movable; body appears to enlarge when girdle is depressed. Dorsal spines modified into locking
mechanism that keeps spines erect until proper sequence of spine depression
occurs. 135 spp.
Ostraciidae
‑ Box fishes, cowfishes, marine tropicals; 30 spp.
Molidae
‑ Ocean sunfishes ‑ 3‑4 spp. no caudal skeleton or fin; no
spines in unpaired fins;
Pufferfishes:
3 families; fused teeth: all but Triodontidae (1 spp) capable of swelling by
swallowing water or air into branch of stomach); 130 spp. no spines in fins; tetrodatoxin. Most
nearshore marine, few spp in freshwater.
PLEURONECTIFORMES:
‑ flatfishes;
Not bilaterally symmetrical, one
eye migrates to opposite side of heat in post larval fishes. Asymmetry shows in cranial bones, muscles
and nerves. Optic nerves become twisted. long
dorsal
and anal finbases Although flat they
are considered compressed not depressed.
500
+ species, 6 families. Nearly all
marine coastal and continental slope.
Few spp found in freshwater. Important foodfish worldwide. most are benthic and carnivorous. Some are active swimmers, nearly like that
of symmetrical spp.
Relationships
not based on side of migration. Soles
& tongue soles opposite sides, apparently close. Psettodidae ‑
nearly symmetrical PV I,5; 2 spp.
Citharidae ‑ 5 spp. both
sinestral and dextral.
Bothidae ‑ sinestral ‑
lefteye flounders 100 + spp.
Pleuronectidae ‑ righteye
flounders 100 spp,
Soles
2 families preopercle not free, no ribs, jaws strongly assymetrical.
Soleidae ‑ dextral ‑ 120 spp,
tropical and temperate.
Cynoglossidae ‑ sinestral ‑
continuous connection of D, C, A fins. Burrowing forms 100 + spp.
CHANNIFORMES‑Snakeheads;
12 spp often placed w/ Anabantoids, Lauder place close Swamp eels
SYNBRANCHIFORMES
‑ swampeels; (15 spp) diagnosed by conjoined branchial openings
midventrally. Eellike freshwater fishes,
no pectoral fins.
DACTYLOPTERIFORMES
‑ flying gurnards; (4spp.) tropical marine spp. look superficially like
triglids in form and habits.
LAMPRIFORMES
‑ 11 families 40 species; Primitive percomorphs with no spines in fins,
pelvics with many rays (more than 5).
PERCIFORMES:
All remaining percomorphs little to unite the group and probably not natural.
150 families and 7000 species.
Ruling
perches ‑ dominant fishes of nearshore marine environments and, together
with Ostariophysi dominant fishes of freshwaters.
PERCOMORPHA
‑ REFERENCES
Dawson,
C. E. 1985. Indo‑Pacific
pipefishes (Red Sea to the Americas).
Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs Miss. 230 pp.
Fraser‑Brunner,
A. 1951. The ocean sunfishes (family
Molidae). Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist.
(Zool.) 1:721‑724.
Li,
S. Z. 1981. On the origin, phylogeny,
and geographical distribution of the flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes). Trans.
Chin Ichthyol. Soc. 1981(1):11‑20.
Matsuura,
K. 1979. Phylogeny of the superfamily
Balistoidea (Pisces: Tetraodontiformes). Mem. Fac. Fish. Hokkaido Univ. 26:49‑169.
Norman,
J.R.1934. A systematic monograph of the flatfishes (Heterosomata). Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1:459 pp.
Pietsch,
T.W. 1978. Evolutionary relationships
of the sea moths (Teleostei: Pegasidae) with a classification of
gasterosteiform families. Copeia,
1978:517‑529.
Quast,
J. C. Osteological charscteristics and affinities of the hexagrammid fishes,
with a synopsis. Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci. 31:563‑600.
Tyler,
J. C. 1980. Osteology, phylogeny and higher classification of the fishes of the
order Plectognathi (Tetraodontiformes).
NOAA Technical Report, Natl. Marine Fish. Circ. 434:1‑422.
Walters,
V. 1960. Synopsis of the lampridiform
suborder Veliferoidei. Copeia,
1960(3):245‑247.
Walters,
V. and J. E. Fitch. 1960. The families
and genera of the lampridiform (Allotriognath) suborder Trachipteroidei. Calif, Fish and Game, 46:441‑451.
Winterbottom,
R. 1974. The familial phylogeny of the
Tetraodontiformes (Acanthopterygii: Pisces)
as evidences by their comparative myology. Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 155:201 pp.
Woods,
L.P. & P.Sonoda.1973. Order Berycomorphi (Beryciformes) pp.263‑396.
In Fishes of the Western North
Atlantic. Part 6. Memoir 1, Sears Foundation Marine Research, Yale, New
Haven.
Wooton,
R. J. 1976. The biology of the
sticklebacks. New York, Academic Press, 387 pp.
Wooton,
R.J.1984. A functional biology of sticklebacks. Univ California Press,
Berkeley, 265 pp.
Zehren,
S. J. 1979. The comparative osteology
and phylogeny of the Beryciformes (Pisces: Teleostei). Evol. Monogr. 1:389
PERCIFORMES
Percoidei
‑ Generalized perciforms that cannot be related to any of the other
suborders.
Labroidei
‑ or Pharyngognath perciforms ‑ all have some level of union of CB5
across the ventral midline. In advanced
forms, the two elements are fused, without visable suture. In addition, esophageal sphincter muscle;
and PB3 articulates directly with ventral surface of neurocranium.
Labridae Scaridae
Pomacentridae Cichildae
Embiotocidae (500 +) (75 +) (250 ) (1000) (25) wrasses parrotfishes
damselfishes surfperches widespread tropical widespread Africa, S. Pacific
coast America
Blennioidei
- benthic inhabitants ‑ 900‑1000 species usually large pectoral
fins; anteriorly placed, small pelvic fins; long D and anal fin bases (1 Dorsal
if seperate is often small.) Many
tropical families but included here are the "Ice fishes" of Antarctic
waters that have little or no hemoglobin , but have an antifreeze glycoprotein
that keeps blood circulating.
Gobioidei
‑ gobies 1500 ‑ 2000 spp. Primarily in Gobiidae ; several smaller
families.
Loss of several cranial elements
including parietals, infraorbitals, and lateralline canal system.
Scomberoidei
‑ Tunas, mackerals, etc. Fast swimming, open water teleosts. United by fusion of upperjaw elements to
cranium. Less than 100 spp. Including billfishes.
Anabantoidei
‑ gouramis; FWF Africa and Asia. 70‑80 spp. Best known for
airbreathing ability, due to creation of suprabranchial chamber partially
separate from branchial chamber.
Acanthuroids
- coral reef associated fishes: 100 + spp; compressed bodied, small mouthed
fishes, D fin continuous; mostly
herbivorous; have peculiar larval form called acronurus.
PERCIFORMES: REFERENCES
Allen,
G.R. 1975. Damselfishes of the South Seas. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City,
N. J. 240 pp.
Allen,
G.R. 1980. Butterfly and angelfishes of
the World. Vol.2. J.Wiley, New York.
pp. 145‑352.
Burgess,
W.E. 1974. Butterfly fishes of the
world. A monograph of the family Chaetodontidae. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune
City, N. J. 832 pp.
Collette,B.B.1963.The
subfamilies, tribes and genera of the Percidae (Teleostei). Copeia 1963
(4): 615‑623.
Collette,
B. B., and P. Banarescu. 1977. Systematics and zoogeography of the fishes of
the family Percidae. J. Fish. Res. Board Canada. 34:1450‑1463.
Dooley,
J. K. 1978. Systematics and biology of
the tilefishes Perciformes: Branchiostegidae and Malacanthidae), with
descriptions of two new species. NOAA
Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ.411: 78pp.
Fraser,
T. H. 1972. Comparative osteology of
the shallow water cardinal fishes (Perciformes: Apogonidae) with reference to
the systematics and evolution of the family. Ichthyol. Bull. Rhodes Univ. No.
34:105pp.
Fryer,
G. and T. D. Iles. 1972. The cichlid
fishes of the great lakes. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh (and T.F.H.Publ. Neptune
City, N. J.) 641 pp.
Gosline,
W. A. 1966. The limits of the fish family Serranidae, with notes on other lower
percoids. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. Ser
4, 33(6):91‑112.
Gosline,
W.A.1968. The suborders of perciform fishes. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.124:78 pp.
Johnson,
G. D. 1980. The limits and
relationships of the Lutjanidae and associated families. Bull. Scripps Instit. Oceanogr. 24:1‑114.
Kaufman,
L. and K. F. Liem. 1982. Fishes of the
suborder Labroidei (Pisces: Percoformes): phylogeny, ecology, and evolutionary
significance. Breviora, Mus. Compar.
Zool. 472:19 pp.
Liem,
K.F. 1963. The comparative osteology and phylogeny of the Anabantoidei
(Teleostei: Pisces). Illinois Biol.
Monogr. (30): 149 pp.
Page,
L.M. 1983. Handbook of darters. T.F.H.Publ.,Neptune City, N.J. 271 pp.
Regan,
C.T. 1913. The classification of percoid fishes. Ann.Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 8,
12:111‑145.
Springer,
V. G. 1968. Osteology and
classification of the fishes of the family Blenniidae. Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus. No. 284, 83 pp.
Stiassny,
M. L. J. 1981. The phyletic status of
the family Cichlidae.(Pisces: Perciformes) a comparative anatomical
investegation. Netherlands J. Zool. 31(2): 275‑314.
Vari,
R. P. 1979. The Terapon perches
(Percoidei: Teraponidae) a cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 159(5):175‑340.
NOMENCLATURE
The
need for names: 1) communication, early names were often cumbersome and as much
a diagnosis as a form of communication; History of Scientific names: Pre‑Linnaean
names consisted of a Genus or 'name' followed by a series of descriptive terms
that serve to qualify the name. Because of the difficulty in remembering all of
these terms Linnaeus invented a
shorthand name, consisting of only one descriptive term, that would be easier
to remember. This wasn't intended to
replace the formal name.
Binomial
nomenclature however, quickly took over as only name with extensive multiterm
name having been lost.
Two
problems: use two different names for same species and use of same name for two
different species.
International
code of zoological nomenclature:
Principle of priority: Species should be known by the first name given
to it, any subsequently used names are invalid.
Providing
that the name was binomial and first proposed after January 1, 1758 and follows
minimal rules of format. Gave rise to continuing problem of discovery of older
names that have been lost in the literature (especially in later 18th Cent and
early 19th Cent names) but has resurfaced as a problem in fishes with the
advent of the aquarium hobby and, with it, aquarium journals in which new names
can be proposed but not seen by systematists.
Any
animal given a name previously used for another species must be renamed.
Second
set of problems arises form idea of linking relationships of organisms to
names. Genus name serves two functions which sometimes conflict. Genus name is often used to emphasize
distinctiveness of a species; othertimes it is used to join species into groups
that are of generally similar appearance; yet othertimes the geneological
closeness is used. Each of these three
approaches may result in providing a species with a different "correct"
genus name.
Same
trichotomy of uses occurs at higher levels, for example family, with same
result.
Common
or vernacular names - American fishery society acted in 1940's to standardize
vernacular names for American freshwater and marine fishes. Currently an updated version of "A list
of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and
Canada" is published with a vernacular name and the currently accepted
scientific name.
The AFS has decided to expand
the concept of standardized common names to include all species that have some
commercial importance in the US. That
includes food and aquarium fishes ...
NOMENCLATURE
Robins,
C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea, and W.B.
Scott. 1980. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United
States and Canada, Fourth Edition.
American Fisheries Society, Special Publication No. 12., Bethesda,
MD 174 pp.
International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.
1985. International code of zoological nomenclature, Third edition.
University California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 338 pp.
Fish
and man -
Sport
‑ Angling, spearfishing
Hobby
‑ Aquarium keeping, photography, UW photo sightseeing
Food
‑ 1987 catch in US estimated at 2.5 million metric tons, or 5.6 billion
pounds. Valued at 1.6 billion dollars (landed). Worldwide, 92.2 million metric
tons of fish and shellfish taken in 1986.
Consumer
expenditure for fishery products in 1987 = $28.8 billion. Including: resturant /carryout; retail; and
products. Americans eat 15.4 pounds per
person per year. Salmon most valuable
fish in total sales, Pollock and menhaden were caught in larger quantities, but
command a much lower price.
Personnel
involved in fishery: 346 thousand in 1987.
Aquaculture:
Only catfish as food fishes: trout cultured as recreational fish and various
minnows in baitfish industry. Catfish culture very new, 5 million pounds
cultured in 1970 in 1987: 280 million.
Clothing
‑ "Eel" Skin
leather; Politics ‑ Tellaco Dam,
Westway,