Winfree publications

161 WINFREE PAPERS: CHRONOLOGICAL through 2001
(40 co-authored, mostly with my students)

1. A theory of random variations
Westinghouse Science Talent Search 1960 Washington, D.C.

2.    The physics and chemistry of soap bubbles and films
        Westinghouse Science Talent Search national award
        Science Projects Handbook, Doubleday, New York (1961)

3. The scientist as poet (Tau Beta Pi prize essay)
The Cornell Engineer November (1964) 21-22

4. The children of thought (on machine intelligence)
Johns Hopkins University VECTOR November (1966) 21-28

5.    Mutual synchronization of cellular rhythms
       Privately printed by Johns Hopkins University 1966
       Biophysical Society abstract FD 12, February 1966

6. Mutual synchronization in oscillator populations
Privately printed by Johns Hopkins University 1966

7. An experimental study, theoretically of biological rhythms
Thesis, Cornell University, Bachelor of Engineering Physics (1964)

8. Biological rhythms and the behavior of populations of coupled oscillators
Journal of Theoretical Biology 16 (1967) 15-42

9. Puzzles and paradoxes (about circadian rhythm phase shifts)
Private printing 1968

10.   The investigation of oscillatory processes by perturbation experiments
         I: The dynamical interpretation of phase shifts.
         Proceedings of 1968 Prague Federation of European Biochemical Societies meeting
         Biological and Biochemical Oscillators, ed. B. Chance, E.K. Pye, A. K. Ghosh, and B. Hess,
         Academic Press, N.Y. (1973) 461-478

11.   The investigation of oscillatory processes by perturbation experiments
         II: A singular state in the clock oscillation of Drosophila pseudoobscura
         Proceedings of 1968 Prague Federation of European Biochemical Societies meeting
         Biological and Biochemical Oscillators, ed. B. Chance, E.K. Pye, A. K. Ghosh, and B. Hess,
         Academic Press, N.Y. (1973) 479-502

12.   The temporal morphology of a biological clock
         Lectures on mathematics in the life sciences 2 (1970) 109-150, ed. M. Gerstenhaber,
         American Mathematical Society, Providence, R.I.

13. An integrated view of the resetting of a circadian clock
Journal of theoretical biology 28 (1970) 327-374

14. Corkscrews and singularities in fruitflies: resetting behavior of the circadian eclosion rhythm
Biochronometry, ed. M. Menaker, National Academy of Sciences (1971) 81-109

15. Comment on multi-oscillator splitting
Biochronometry, ed. M. Menaker, National Academy of Sciences (1971) 151-152

16. Oscillatory control of differentiation in Nectria
Proceedings IEEE Adaptive Systems Symposium 23 (1970) 4.1-4.7

17. Spiral chemistry
Forskning och framsteg 6 (1970) 9-10 (in Swedish)

18. On the photosensitivity of the circadian time sense in Drosophila
Journal of theoretical biology 35 (1972) 159-189

19. Slow dark-adaptation in Drosophila's circadian clock
Journal of comparative physiology 77 (1972) 419-434

20. Spiral waves of chemical activity
Science 175 (1972) 634-636

21. Acute temperature sensitivity of the circadian rhythm in Drosophila
Journal of insect physiology 18 (1972) 181-185

22. Oscillatory glycolysis in yeast: the pattern of phase resetting by oxygen
Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 149 (1972) 338-401

23. Polymorphic pattern formation in the fungus Nectria
J. Theor. Biol. 38 (1973) 362-382

24.   Time and timelessness in biological clocks
         In: Temporal aspects of therapeutics, pp 35-57
         ed. J. Urquhardt, Plenum Press, N.Y. (1973)

25. Resetting the amplitude of Drosophila's circadian chronometer
Journal of comparative physiology 85 (1973) 105-160

26. Living clocks (book review)
Nature 240 (1972) 493

27. Scroll-shaped waves of chemical activity in three dimensions
Science 181 (1973) 937-939

28.   Spatial and temporal organization in the Zhabotinsky reaction
        Aharon Katchalsky Memorial Symposium, Berkeley, March 1973
        Advances in biological and medical physics 16 (1978) 115-136

29. Suppressing Drosophila's circadian rhythm with dim light
Science 183 (1974) 970-972

30. Rotating chemical reactions
Scientific American 230 (1974) 82-95

31.   Rotating solutions to reaction-diffusion equations
        SIAM-AMS Proceedings 8 (1974), 13-31
        ed. D. Cohen, American Mathematical Society

32. Patterns of phase compromise in biological cycles
Journal of mathematical biology 1 (1974) 73-95

33.   Wavelike activity in biological and chemical media
        Lecture notes in biomathematics 2 (1974) , 243-260
        ed. T. van den Driessche, Springer Verlag

34. Two kinds of wave in an oscillating chemical solution
Faraday symposia of the chemical society 9 (1974) 38-46

35. Unclocklike behavior of a biological clock
Nature 253 (1975) 315-319

36. Resetting biological clocks
Physics today 28 (1975) 34-39

37. Drosophila's clock photoreceptor is not rhodopsin
Biophysical journal (abstracts) 15 (1975) 177

38.   On phase resetting in multi-cellular clockshops
        The molecular basis of circadian rhythms
        Dahlem Konferenzen, Berlin (1976) 109-129

39.   Basic features group report (one section of it)
        In: The molecular basis of circadian rhythms,
        Dahlem Konferenzen, Berlin (1976) 49-62

40. Winfree replies ("Matters Arising")
Nature 259 (1976) 344

41. The morning glory's strange behavior
Horticulture 54 (1976) 42-51

42. Spatial organization of purkinje cell perikarya (first author J. Altman)
Journal of comparative neurology 171 (1977) 1-16

43.   Some principles and paradoxes about the phase control of biological oscillations,
            or The timing of the screw
        Journal of interdisciplinary cycle research 8 (1977) 1-14

44. The photosensitivity of a mutant circadian clock (with undergraduate student H. Gordon)
Journal of comparative physiology 122 (1977) 87-109

45. A single-spiral artefact in insect cuticle (first author undergraduate student H. Gordon)
Tissue and cell 10 (1978) 39-50

46. Stably rotating patterns of reaction and diffusion
Progress in theoretical chemistry 4 (1978) 1-51

47. Phase control of neural pacemakers
Science 197 (1977) 761-762

48.   Patterns of phase compromise in biological cycles
        (paper 32 reprinted with corrections)
        Studies in mathematics 15: Studies in mathematical biology (1978) , 266-294,
        ed. S. Levin, Mathematical Association of America

49. Chemical clocks: a clue to biological rhythms
New scientist 80 (1978) 10-13

50. Chemical waves (J. Walker first author)
Scientific American 234 (1978) 152-158

51.   24 hard problems about 24-hour rhythms
        Lectures in applied mathematics 17: Nonlinear oscillations in biology (1979) , 93-126
        ed. F. Hoppensteadt, American Mathematical Society, Providence, R.I.

52. Rotating reactions
Springer-Verlag Mathematics Calendar for September 1979

53. 24 hard problems about 24-hour rhythms (reprinted with corrections)
General systems 24 (1979) 113-146

54. Travelling waves of chemical activity in the Zaikin-Zhabotinsky-Winfree reagent (first author R. Field)
Journal of chemical education 56 (1979) 754

55. The inner alarm clock (book review)
Nature 287 (1980) 875-876

56.   Chemical systems that oscillate
        (first author Jearl Walker)
        Chemtech May (1980) 320-323

57. THE GEOMETRY OF BIOLOGICAL TIME (1980)
530 pp, 290 illustrations Springer-Verlag, New York
(reprinted in paperback, another 3000 copies, 1991)

58.   Peculiarities in the impulse response of pacemaker neurons
        Lectures in applied mathematics 19:
        Mathematical aspects of physiology (1981) , 265-279
        ed. F. Hoppensteadt, American Mathematical Society, Providence, R.I.

59.   The Neurospora mycelium as a 2-dimensional sheet of coupled circadian clocks
         (with undergraduate student G. Twaddle)
        Mathematical biology (1981) , 237-249
        ed. T.A. Burton, Pergamon Press, New York

60. The circadian system of man (book review)
Nature (1981)

61.   Fibrillation as a consequence of pacemaker phase-resetting
        Devel. Cardiovascular Medicine 17 (1982) 447-472
        (Cardiac rate and rhythm, ed. L.N. Bouman and H.J. Jongsma, Martinus Nijhoff, den Hague)

62. Human body clocks and the timing of sleep
Nature 297 (1982) 23-27

63.   Exploratory data analysis: published records of uncued human sleep and waking
        Mathematical modelling of circadian systems (1984) 187-200,
        ed. M.C. Moore-Ede and C.A. Czeisler, Raven Press, N.Y.

64. Sudden cardiac death: a problem in topology ?
Scientific American 248(5) (1983) 144-161

65. The tides of human consciousness: descriptions and questions
American journal of physiology 242 (1982) R163-166

66. Circadian timing of sleepiness in men and women
American journal of physiology 243 (1982) R193-R204

67.   The rotor in reaction-diffusion problems and in sudden cardiac death
        Lecture notes in biomathematics 49 (1983) 201-207
        ed. M. Cosnard and J. Demongeot, Springer-Verlag, Berlin

68.   The rotor as a phase singularity of reaction-diffusion problems
        and its possible role in sudden cardiac death
        Nonlinear phenomena in chemical dynamics (1982), 156-159
        ed. C. Vidal and A. Pacault, Springer-Verlag, Berlin

69. The impact of a circadian clock on the timing of human sleep
American journal of physiology 245 (1983) R497-R504

70. There is a tide in the affairs of men (book review)
Nature 298 (1982) 589

71.   Three-oscillator model of the human circadian pacemaker
         (first author graduate student M. Kawato)
        Journal of theoretical biology 98 (1982) 369-392

72.   Singular filaments organize chemical waves in three dimensions.
         I: Geometrically simple waves (with undergraduate student S.Strogatz)
         Physica 8D (1983) 35-49

73.   Singular filaments organize chemical waves in three dimensions.
         II: Twisted waves (with undergraduate student S. Strogatz)
         Physica 9D (1983) 65-80

74.   Singular filaments organize chemical waves in three dimensions.
         III: Knotted waves (with undergraduate student S. Strogatz)
         Physica 10D (1984) 333-345

75. Discontinuities in phase-resetting behavior (first author L. Glass)
American journal of physiology, 246 (1984) R251-R258

76.   Discontinuities and singularities in the timing of nuclear division
        (revision of Chapter 12 of book (49))
        Cell cycle clocks (1984), p. 63-80 Chapter 4
        ed. L. Edmunds, Dekker, N.Y.

77. WHEN TIME BREAKS DOWN
(monograph, about 100 Kwords, mostly on cardiac arrhythmias, waves in excitable media)
Princeton University Press March 1987

78.   Organizing centers for chemical waves in 2 and 3 dimensions
        Oscillations and travelling waves in chemical systems (1985) pp. 441-472,
        ed. R.J. Field and M. Burger, Wiley and Sons, N.Y.

79.   A continuity principle for regeneration
        (revision of Chapter 16 of book (49)) Chapter 5 (p. 103-124) in
        Pattern Formation, ed. G. Malacinski, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York (1984)

80. Stepping through the Universe (book review)
Nature 306, 125 (1983)

81.   Singular filaments organize chemical waves in three dimensions.
        IV: Wave taxonomy (with graduate student S. Strogatz)
        Physica 13D, 221-233 (1984)

82.   Wavefront geometry in excitable media
        Physica 12D, 321-332 (1984) and in book form as
        Fronts, Interfaces, and Patterns (1984)
        ed. A. Bishop, L. Campbell, and L. Channell, North-Holland, Amsterdam

83.   Organizing centers for waves in excitable media (cover picture)
        (with graduate student S. Strogatz )
        Nature 311, 611-615 (1984)

84.   Exotic shapes in chemistry and biology
        (with M. Prueitt and graduate student S. Strogatz )
        \IEEE Computer graphics and applications 4(1) 66-69 (1984)

85. The clocks that time us (book review)
Mathe. Biosciences 66, 307 (1983)

86. The prehistory of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky oscillator
J.Chem.Educ. 61, 611-613 (1984)

87.   Organizing centers in cellular excitable media
        (with undergraduate student E.M. Winfree and appendix checked by H. Seifert)
        Physica 17D, 109-115 (1985).

88.   Dynamical simulations of twisted scroll waves in three-dimensional active media
        (first author graduate student A.V. Panfilov)
        Physica 17D, 323-330 (1985).

89.   Twisted scroll waves in three-dimensional active media
        (first authors graduate students A.V. Panfilov and A.N. Rudenko)
        Biofizika 30(3) 464-466 (1985) (in Russian)

90. Self-Organization: Autowaves and Structures Far From Equilibrium: book review in
Applied Optics 24(16) 2620 (1985).

91.   THE TIMING OF BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS (1986) 35,000 English copies
        Scientific American Library (200 pages, 122 full color illustrations)
        company since went out of business
        plus Dutch, Russian, German, French, and Japanese translations.

92. Filaments of nothingness
` The Sciences Mar/Apr 1986, 20-27 (1986)

93. Benzodiazepines set the clock (News and Views)
Nature 321, 114-115 (1986).

94.   The vulnerable phase and reentrant waves in 3d
        Proc.Int.Union Physiological Sci. 16, 287 (1986)
        (only an abstract, but an important one to me)

95. Oxygen unbound
The Sciences Sept/Oct 54-59 (1986).

96. Hamsters without jet-lag (News and Views)
Nature 330, 311-312 (1987).

97.   A computational study of twisted linked scroll waves
        (first author post-doc P. Nandapurkar)
        Physica 29D, 69-83 (1987).

98.   Detecting a phase singularity in a coupled stochastic system
        (first author J.T. Enright) in:
        Some Mathematical Questions in Biology: Circadian Rhythms,
        ed. G.A.Carpenter, American Mathematical Society, Providence R.I. (1987)

99.   Preface. In: Simulation of Wave Processes in Excitable Media
        1984 monograph by V.S. Zykov translated from the Russian
        with commentary and supplementary bibliography,
        Manchester: Manchester University Press (1988).

100. The dynamics of organizing centers: numerical experiments in differential geometry
         (with graduate student W. Guilford)
         In: Biomathematics and Related Computational Problems
         ed. L.M.Ricciardi, Kluwer Academics Publishers, Dordrecht (1988).

101. Mind from matter? An essay on evolutionary epistemology
Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 50, 193-207 (1988).

102. Dynamical stability of untwisted scroll rings in excitable media
(first author post-doc P. Nandapurkar)
Physica 35D, 277-288 (1989).

103. Electrical instability in cardiac muscle: phase singularities and rotors
J.Theor.Biol. 138(3) 353-405 (1989).

104. Simulation of wave propagation in three dimensions using
         FORTRAN on the Cyber 205
         (first author post-doc E. Lugosi)
         J.Compu.Chem. 9(6), 689-701 (1988)

105. ?? erased?

106. Stable vortex rings of excitation in neuroelectric media
(first author graduate student W. Skaggs and post-doc E. Lugosi)
IEEE T-CAS 35(7) 784-787 (1988)

107. Chemical vortex dynamics in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction and in the 2-Variable Oregonator model
(first author graduate students W. Jahnke and W. Skaggs)
J. Physical Chemistry 93, 740-749 (1989).

108. The varieties of spiral wave behavior in excitable media
Chaos 1, 303-334 (1991)

109. Understanding the onset of fibrillation in heart muscle: two-dimensional vortices in healthy myocardium,
Science at the John von Neumann Supercomputer Center, 1, 125-130
Consortium for Scientific Computing, Princeton (1988).

110. Re-entry in normal ventricular myocardium
The Einthoven Lecture
Proc.Kon.Ned.Akad.v.Wetensch. 93(4) 513-536 (1990) and 95(2) (1991)

111. Three-dimensional scroll ring dynamics in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reagent
         and in the 2-variable Oregonator model
         (with graduate student W. Jahnke)
         J. Physical Chemistry 93, 2823-2832 (1989).

112. Ventricular reentry in three dimensions
In: Cardiac Electrophysiology: From Cell to Bedside,
ed. J. Jalife and D. Zipes, W.B. Saunders Co. (1989).

113. Stable particle-like solutions to the nonlinear wave equations of excitable media
Soc for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Review 32,1-53 (1990).

114. Vortex action potentials in normal ventricular myocardium
In: Mathematical Approaches to Cardiac Arrhythmias, ed. J. Jalife,
Ann.N.Y.A.S. 591, 190-207 (1990).

115. Chemical vortex dynamics in 3-dimensional excitable media
(with graduate students W. Jahnke and C. Henze)
Nature 336, 662-665 and cover photo (1988).

116. From clocks to chaos, (review of Glass and Mackey book)
Mathematical Biosciences 95(2) 241 (1989).

117. Modeling chemical vortex dynamics in excitable media,
         (first author graduate students C. Henze and M. Courtemanche) in:
         Science at the John von Neumann Supercomputer Center, 2, 79-86
         Consortium for Scientific Computing, Princeton (1989).

118. Estimating the ventricular fibrillation threshold, in:
Theory of Heart
ed. L. Glass, P. Hunter, A. McCullough, pp 477-531, Springer-Verlag, N.Y., 1991

119. Stable 3-dimensional action potential circulation in the FitzHugh-Nagumo model
(first author graduate students M. Courtemanche and W. Skaggs).
Physica 41D, 173-182 (1990)

120. Vortex reentry in healthy myocardium. pp. 609-624 In:
Cell to Cell Signalling: From Experiments to Theoretical Models,
ed. A. Goldbeter, Academic Press (1989).

121. Stable helical organizing centers in an excitable medium
(first author graduate student C. Henze)
Canadian Journal of Physics, 68, 683-710 (1990)

122. Two-dimensional rotating depolarization waves in a modified Beeler-Reuter model of cardiac cell activity
         (first author graduate student M. Courtemanche) in:
         Science at the John von Neumann Supercomputer Center, 3, 79-86,
         ed. G. Cook, Consortium for Scientific Computing, Princeton (1990).

123. Two-dimensional rotating depolarization waves in a modified Beeler-Reuter
          model of cardiac cell activity
          (first author graduate student M. Courtemanche)
          Pixel 1(3) 24-31 (1990).

124. Re-entrant rotating waves in a Beeler-Reuter based model of
         two-dimensional cardiac conduction
         (first author graduate student M. Courtemanche)
         Int.J.Bif.Chaos 1, 431-444 (1991)

125. Recipes for Belousov-Zhabotinsky reagents
(first author graduate student W. Jahnke)
J.Chem.Educ. 68, 320-324 (1991).

126. A survey of spiral wave behavior in the Oregonator model
(first author graduate student W.Jahnke)
Int.J.Bif.Chaos 1, 445-466 (1991).

127. A stable knotted singularity in an excitable medium
(first author graduate student C. Henze)
Int.J.Bif.Chaos 1, 891-922 (1991).

128. The electrical thresholds of normal ventricular myocardium,
J.Cardiovasc.Electrophys. 1, 393-410 (1990).

129. Discrete spectrum of rotor periods in an excitable medium
Phys.Lett.A. 149, 203-206 (1990).

130. Multiple stable solutions to the kinetic equations of an excitable medium
In: Integral Methods in Science and Engineering 90, pp. 172-183 (1990)
ed. F.Payne, A.Haji-Sheikh, Hemisphere Publ., Wash.D.C

131. Alternative stable rotors in an excitable medium
Physica 49D, 125-140 (1991).

132. Vortices in motionless media
Applied Mechanics Reviews 43, 297-309 (1990).

133. Resetting the human clock (News and Views)
Nature 350, 18 (1991) and 351, 193 (1991).

134. Crystals from dreams (News and Views)
Nature 352, 568-569 (1991), about chemical Turing patterns

135. Numerical and chemical experiments on filament motion, pp 270-273 in:
Spatio-Temporal Organization in Non-equilibrium Media,
ed. S.C. Muller, T. Plesser, Projekt Verlag, Dortmund (1992)

136. How Does Ventricular Tachycardia Turn into Fibrillation?
Chapter 41 in Cardiac Mapping, ed. M. Borgreffe, G. Breithardt, M. Shenasa,
Futura Press, Mt. Kisco NY (1993) pp655-680 +A20

137. The geometry of excitability
         In: 1992 Lectures on Complex Systems, ed. L.Nadel, D.Stein
         Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, 5, 207-298
         Addison-Wesley, Reading MA (1993)

138. Puzzles about excitable media and sudden death
In: Biomathematics 100, 139-50, ed. S. Levin, Springer Verlag (1995)

139. Lingering mysteries about stable organizing centers in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky medium
and its Oregonator model
In: Chemical Patterns and Waves, pp 3-55, ed. R. Kapral and K. Showalter (1995)

140. Wave propagation in cardiac muscle and in nerve networks
In: Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks, pp 1054-1056, ed. M. Arbib, MIT Bradford Press, Cambridge 1995

141. Theory of spirals
In: Cardiac Electrophysiology: From Cell to Bedside
(edition 2) ed. J. Jalife and D. Zipes, pp 379-389, W.B. Saunders Co. (1994).

142. Rotors, fibrillation, and dimensionality
In: Computational Biology of the Heart, ch 4, pp 101-135
ed. A.V. Holden and A.V. Panfilov, John Wiley: Chichester (1997).

143. Numerical (Oregonator) and chemical (Belousov-Zhabotinsky) experiments with 2- and 3-dimensional vortices
In: Proceedings of Dynamism and Regulation in Non-Linear Chemical Systems Symposium, Tsukuba, Japan (1994).

144. Persistent tangled vortex rings in generic excitable media
Nature 371, 233-236 (1994).

145. Electrical turbulence in 3-dimensional heart muscle
Science 266, 1003-1006 (1994).

146. Persistent tangles of vortex rings in excitable media
Physica D 84, 126-147 (1995).

147. The Partial Differential Equations of Heart Failure
Gather/Scatter Apr-Jun 1995, pp 6-7 (San Diego SuperComputer Center quarterly).

148. On Measuring Curvature and Electrical Diffusion Coefficients in Anisotropic Myocardium
IEEE Trans.Biomed.Eng. 43, 1200-1203 (1996).

149. Heart Muscle as a Reaction-Diffusion Medium:
The Roles of Electric Potential Diffusion, Activation Front Curvature, and Anisotropy
Int.J.Bif.Chaos 7 , 487-526 (March 1997)

150. Winfree, A.T., Caudle, S.A., Chen, G., McGuire, P., and Szilagyi, Z.
Quantitative Optical Tomography of Chemical Waves and their Organizing Centers.
Chaos 6, 617-626 (1996).

151. A Spatial Scale Factor for Electrophysiological Models of Myocardium.
Prog. Biophys. Molec. Biol. 69, 185-203 (1998)

152. Evolving Perspectives during 12 Years of Electrical Turbulence
Chaos 8, 1-18 (1998)

153. Spatiotemporal Evolution of Ventricular Fibrillation (first author Witkowski, F.X.)
Nature 392, 78-82 (1998)

154. A.T. Winfree, Ph.D. and F.X. Witkowski, M.D.
         Three-Dimensional Ventricular Fibrillation?
         Annals of Biomedical Engineering 26 Supplement 1, S-16
         abstracts October 1998

155. Optical Tomography of Chemical Vortices (with Chen Gang)
ACS/PRF abstracts for 1997, 8: ACS 30697

156. Various Ways to Make Phase Singularities by Electric Shock
J.Cardiovasc.Electrophysiol. 11, 286-289 (2000)

157.   A Prime Number of Prime Questions about Vortex Dynamics in NonLinear Media
          In: NonLinear Dynamics: Where Do We Go From Here?
          ed. J. Hogan et al., Institute of Physics Press, Bristol (2001)

158. THE GEOMETRY OF BIOLOGICAL TIME (2001)
777 pp, 336 illustrations Springer-Verlag, New York

159. Are Cardiac Waves Relevant to Epileptic Brain Wave Propagation?
In: Epilepsy: A Dynamical Disease, ed. P.Jung and J.Milton (2002)

160. On the Stability of Knots in Excitable Media (first author Paul Sutcliffe)
Phys.Rev.Lett. all ready to go but not to be sent in until we finish the longer version

161. Articles (four) in van Nostrand Scientific Encyclopedia 9th edition (2002):
Biological Rhythms, Circadian Clock, Fibrillation, JetLag

162. more and more is appearing on my web site, not submitted to paper journals, for example
weekly columns at Society for Amateur Scientists, and twenty PowerPoint seminar lectures

4263 Science Citations Index citations (not counting those from these papers themselves, of course)
through 1998, the last time I checked. Currently about 300/year. Most are perfunctory, evidently from
title searches, seldom making use of specific content.